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Designing Trustworthy AI for Regulated Life Sciences Decisions
Creating a decision accountability layer for AI-assisted pharmacovigilance that captures how AI suggestions become regulated human decisions
Pharmacovigilance focus · Framework reusable across Clinical & RWE
Key Insight & Differentiation

AI failure in regulated life sciences is not primarily a model accuracy problem. The deeper, largely undiscovered problem is:

There is no Decision Accountability UX layer that captures how AI suggestions turn into regulated human decisions.

Problem Discovery

The Visible Problem: Low Trust in AI Outputs

Pharmacovigilance teams at global pharmaceutical companies process thousands of Individual Case Safety Reports (ICSRs) monthly. AI systems classify seriousness, prioritize cases, and generate draft narratives—but medical reviewers don't trust these outputs.

No Explainability

AI classifications lack clinical justification

Hidden Uncertainty

Confidence levels and limitations unclear

No Evidence Trail

Cannot trace AI output to source data

The Less-Obvious Problem
The Hidden Gap: No Decision Accountability Layer

AI failure in life sciences is not primarily a model accuracy problem. The deeper, largely undiscovered problem is:

There is no Decision Accountability UX layer that captures how AI suggestions turn into regulated human decisions.
What Current Systems Show
  • AI outputs and predictions

  • Classification labels

  • Confidence scores

What They Don't Capture
  • Who made the final decision

  • Why the decision was made

  • How AI influenced (or didn't) that decision

  • What evidence justified it

  • How can it be defended months or years later

This Gap Creates
Trust Breakdown
Low AI Adoption
Silent Compliance Risk
Inspection Vulnerability

Research Foundation

Evidence-backed approach to AI trust and accountability

This design is grounded in peer-reviewed research, regulatory guidance, and industry best practices for trustworthy AI in regulated healthcare environments.

Explainable AI & Trust in Healthcare

Research shows lack of explainability and transparency is a major barrier to clinician trust and AI adoption in healthcare settings.

Key Research

Doshi-Velez & Kim
Towards a Rigorous Science of Interpretable Machine Learning
Amann et al.
Explainability for Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: A Multidisciplinary Perspective

AI in Pharmacovigilance

Studies highlight that AI can automate PV tasks but stress the critical need for human oversight, traceability, and accountability.

Key Research

Bate & Hobbiger
Artificial Intelligence, Real-World Automation and the Safety of Medicines
CIOMS Working Groups
AI & Pharmacovigilance: Transparency, Auditability, Human Oversight

Trustworthy & Responsible AI

Governance research emphasizes accountability, transparency, and maintaining human responsibility in AI-assisted decision-making.

Key Research

EU High-Level Expert Group
Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI
European Commission
NIST
AI Risk Management Framework
National Institute of Standards and Technology

Synthesis of Research Findings

What Research Confirms

  • Explainability is critical for clinical trust

  • Human oversight is a regulatory expectation

  • Accountability must be traceable and auditable

  • Uncertainty communication reduces risk

What Research Reveals Is Missing

  • → Few systems capture decision accountability

  • → AI-human handoff is poorly designed

  • → Post-decision auditability is an afterthought

  • → No standard UX pattern for regulated AI decisions

Research Foundation

Problem → Research → Insight → Design

This flow demonstrates how research insights directly informed design decisions, showing a rigorous, evidence-based approach to solving complex AI trust challenges.

Problem

Trust & accountability gaps

  • Medical reviewers don't trust AI outputs

  • No capture of decision accountability

  • Cannot defend decisions in inspections

Research

Multi-disciplinary investigation

  • XAI in healthcare literature

  • AI in pharmacovigilance studies

  • Regulatory & ethical AI principles

  • PV workflow analysis

Insights

Decision accountability is missing

  • Trust breaks at AI → human handoff

  • Reviewers need evidence, not scores

  • Uncertainty must be explicit

  • Responsibility for decisions not captured

  • Audit readiness bolted on, not designed in

Principles

Designing for accountability

  • Explainability by design

  • Evidence-first interfaces

  • Explicit uncertainty

  • Human-in-the-loop by default

  • Decision accountability as first-class UX

Solution

Trusted AI Safety System

  • AI Explainability Panel

  • Evidence Traceability

  • Decision Accountability Layer

  • Automated audit trails

Design Challenge

"How might we design an AI-assisted pharmacovigilance system that medical reviewers can trust, understand, and defend during regulatory inspections?"

he answer: Build a Decision Accountability Layer that captures not just AI outputs, but how those suggestions become human decisions with full evidence, justification, and audit readiness.

Design Principles

Five principles for trustworthy AI in regulated systems

These principles emerged directly from research insights and guided all design decisions. They prioritize trust, transparency, and regulatory compliance over automation efficiency alone.

Explainability by Design

Every AI decision must be accompanied by clinical justification in language medical reviewers understand—not as an afterthought, but as a core system requirement.

Application in Design
Built explainability panels directly into case review workflows with clinical evidence highlighting

Evidence-First Interfaces

Show source evidence (narratives, labs, timelines, MedDRA codes) before predictions or confidence scores. Reviewers think in clinical signals, not statistical outputs.

Application in Design
Designed evidence traceability that links every AI output to specific source clinical data points

Explicit Uncertainty Communication

Confidence levels and areas of uncertainty must be communicated clearly and honestly. Hidden uncertainty increases regulatory risk and erodes trust.

Application in Design
Created confidence indicators, uncertainty factors display, and low-confidence warnings for reviewers

Human-in-the-Loop by Default

AI assists medical decisions; it never replaces human judgment. This must be structurally and visually enforced in every workflow.

Application in Design
Designed workflows that always require medical reviewer validation, justification, and explicit decision capture

Decision Accountability as First-Class UX

The system must capture WHO decided, WHY they decided, HOW AI influenced them, and WHAT evidence supported it—creating a complete audit trail by design.

Application in Design
Built Decision Accountability Layer with mandatory justification, before/after comparison, and timestamped audit logs
Solution Framework

Trusted AI Safety System with Decision Accountability Layer

Rather than improving AI models themselves, the most impactful opportunity lies in designing a comprehensive interaction layer that sits between AI outputs and medical reviewers.

This Layer Provides

  • AI explanations in clinical terms

  • Evidence and data lineage

  • Confidence and uncertainty display

  • Structured human override

  •  Automated audit-ready records

Framework Is Reusable

  • Pharmacovigilance (drug safety)

  • Clinical trial monitoring

  • Real-world evidence (RWE) analysis

  • Any regulated healthcare AI context

Design Solution

Trusted AI Safety System for Pharmacovigilance

Three core interfaces that create transparency, traceability, and decision accountability in AI-assisted safety decision-making.

Case Intake & AI Triage Dashboard 

Dashboard showing incoming safety report with AI seriousness classification leveals, and low confidenace warnings

Key Features

✓AI classification with confidence scores

✓Visual confidence indicators

✓Low-confidence alerts

✓Primary CTA: "Explain AI Decision"

AI-Assisted Case Triage Dashboard

Incoming safety reports with AI classification and confidence indicators

Total Pending

38

AI: Serious

12

AI: Non-Serious

26

Low Confidence

5

ICSR-2024-00847

Healthcare Professional.   2h ago

Patient & Product

Patient ID: 48372 • Product XYZ 50mg

Reported Event

Acute liver injury

AI Classification

Serious
Explain AI Decision
Review Case

ICSR-2024-00848

Patient Report   3h ago

Patient & Product

Patient ID: 39201 • Product ABC 100mg

Reported Event

Headache, nausea

AI Classification

Non-Serious
Explain AI Decision
Review Case

ICSR-2024-00849

Literature  5h ago

Patient & Product

Patient ID: 55629 • Product XYZ 25mg

Reported Event

Possible anaphylaxis

AI Classification

Explain AI Decision
Review Case
Serious

Low Confidence Classification

AI confidence is below 70%. Manual medical review recommended. Click "Explain AI Decision" to see evidence and uncertainty factors.

Ai Explainablilty & Evidence Panel

Deep-dive panel showing clinical driver, source evidence tracebility, uncertainty factors, and similar historical case

Key Features

✓Clinical drivers ranked by impact

✓Source evidence with direct quotes

✓Uncertainty factors explicitly stated

✓Similar past cases for context

CASE ID: ICSR-2024-00847

AI Explainability & Evidence Panel

AI Classification

Serious

Confidence

89%

Why AI Classified This Case as Serious

The AI identified 3 clinical drivers indicating seriousness: explicit hospitalization mention, significantly elevated liver enzymes, and MedDRA coding for acute liver injury. These factors align with ICH E2A seriousness criteria.

Clinical Drivers (Ranked by Impact)

Hospitalization Mentioned

High Impact

AI Classification

Confidence

Case narrative, line 12

"Patient was admitted to hospital for observation"
94%

Liver Function Tests Elevated

High Impact

AI Classification

Confidence

Lab results, Day 3

ALT: 245 U/L (normal: 7-56), AST: 198 U/L (normal: 10-40)
94%

MedDRA Term: Acute Liver Injury

High Impact

AI Classification

Confidence

MedDRA coding

Coded as PT: 10019851
94%

Uncertainty Factors

  • •Concomitant medication (paracetamol) may contribute to liver injury

  • •Patient medical history incomplete - pre-existing condition unclear

  • •Exact hospitalization duration not specified in narrative

Similar Past Cases
ICSR-2024-00621
Similarity: 87%
Confirmed Serious
ICSR-2024-00534
Similarity: 82%
Confirmed Serious
This explanation is automatically logged for audit purposes
Proceed to Medical Review

Decision Accountability Workspace

Captures the decision moment: how AI recommendations become human decisions with full justification and audit trail

Key Features

✓AI recommendation vs. human decision

✓Mandatory justification requirement

✓Before/after state preservation

✓Auto-generated audit trail

CASE ID: ICSR-2024-00847

Decision Accountability Workspace

Capturing how AI suggestions become regulated human decisions

Medical Reviewer

Dr. Sarah Chen, MD

AI Recommendation

Serious

Primary Criterion

Hospitalization

AI Confidence

89%

View Full AI Explanation

Your Medical Decision

Select your decision and provide clinical justification. This creates the accountability record.

Accept

Agree with AI classification

Modify

Accept with modifications

Reject

Override AI classification

Decision Accountability Record (Auto-Generated)

This record captures WHO, WHY, HOW, and WHAT for regulatory defense

WHO decided:Dr. Sarah Chen, MD (User ID: SC847)

WHEN decided:20/12/2025, 22:41:19

AI recommended:Serious (89% confidence)

Audit trail ID:AUD-2024-7890

Save Draft

Return to Queue

Submit Decision & Generate Audit Record

Design Fidelity & Context

These screens are mid-fidelity mockups designed to demonstrate core UX principles, interaction patterns, and the Decision Accountability Layer concept. In a full product implementation, they would:

  • Integrate with existing enterprise PV systems (Oracle Argus, ArisGlobal, Veeva Vault)

  • Connect to regulatory databases (MedDRA, WHO-DD, ICH E2B standards)

  • Support multi-language, multi-region compliance requirements

  • Include role-based access controls and user permissions

Reflection & Impact

Designing for trust, accountability, and regulatory defense

Research-Driven

Grounded in peer-reviewed XAI literature, PV research, and regulatory AI principles

Novel Framing

Identified Decision Accountability as an undiscovered gap in AI-assisted workflows

Systems Thinking

Addressed UX layer gaps rather than model performance optimization alone

Transferable

Framework reusable across Clinical Trials, RWE, and other regulated AI contexts

What I Learned

AI adoption in regulated healthcare depends as much on trust architecture as it does on model accuracy. Medical reviewers need more than explainability—they need a system that captures decision accountability: WHO decided, WHY, HOW AI influenced them, and WHAT evidence supports it.

This project reinforced that the most impactful design opportunities in AI are often not about improving the AI itself, but about designing the interaction layer where AI suggestions become human decisions. In regulated environments, that layer must be transparent, traceable, and defensible.

Next Steps

Validate with Medical Reviewers & Safety Physicians

Conduct usability testing with actual PV professionals to validate the Decision Accountability Layer design and refine the explainability panel interactions

Regulatory Alignment Review

Ensure design meets FDA, EMA, and PMDA expectations for AI transparency, human oversight, and audit trail requirements in pharmacovigilance systems

Expand Framework to Clinical & RWE

Apply the Decision Accountability Layer framework to clinical trial monitoring, real-world evidence analysis, and other regulated life sciences AI applications

Core Design Philosophy

In healthcare AI, trust is not a feature—it is the foundation.

Explainability, evidence traceability, uncertainty communication, human oversight, and decision accountability must be designed into the system from the start—not bolted on later. This is how AI earns its place in regulated medical decisions.

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